Monday, September 30, 2019
An Interview with the Elderly
Gillian Howard was only 7 when the Second World War started; it was a chain of events that didn't just wreck her childhood but many others. The observer got the chance to interview her as part of our elderly season. I came into the warm living room for this interview and my surrounding are of ornaments and glass statues. This is because my grandmother, Gillian, is an antique collector, so to start this interview I nuzzle myself into the infamous black leather sofa ready for the interview. My grandmother entered, I immediately stand up for this is how you treat the elder generation, with respect. I greet her and I sit back down ready to question her. I firstly ask her to just say a few interesting points that are important. She says she was born 1932 so was only 7 when the war started; Gillian lived in London at the time. Gillian still lives in London today and that is where we are now. When the blitz started in 1941 Gillian was evacuated from London and went on a train to Bristol. After that brief summary I proceed to ask her of when she felt most sad. Naturally it was when she  was separated from her parents and evacuated. She was crying and a group of soldiers came up to her and comforted her they were at the station too and were on the train to Bristol to go to the port to go onto a battleship. They sang to her the wartime songs all the way from London to Bristol she learnt them all. â€Å"But there is another event that really was sad and it just shows how the war tears families to shreds,†she said. I ask what this event is; she says â€Å"It was of course when my brother died in world war two, you see he was torpedoed by a German U-boat 4 people survived. He was one of them and he was on a chunk of metal torn away form the ship. After 4 days without food in the scorching heat of Africa the U-Boat surfaced and left them there they took photographs and used them as propaganda saying they were actually good people for they had rescued 4 dying men. 3 days later my brother died and 1 day later the rest of the crew were rescued he was just one day to short.†It is a story I have heard many times before, but it still makes me feel awfully sorry for my grandmother and her family. I then ask what happened when she arrived at Bristol. She says the she and her other brother were to be taken to a boarding school. But wasn't as easy as it seemed for it was an only boys boarding school. Gillian got up to much mischief â€Å"in one event there was a sudden uproar of mice in the school, every single pupil had one and we hid them underneath the fold up old fashioned desks.†In another event Gillian describes the useless French teacher. She explains in this episode of how pathetic the teacher was and how all the children decided to trick her. She recalls the event, â€Å"You see the week before we had tricked another teacher by putting thin string all around the corridor and it tripped her up. All the teachers were on red alert so before class I went outside the classroom of the French teacher she was marking homework in the room and I pretended to tie up all these pieces of string outside. So we went into the lesson that is our class and pretended to jump over the strings. So when the teacher left the classroom she was crawling over the floor, she thought there was string. If we had cameras back then that would be the time to use it!†I ask her if she ever saw the bombing. She then says that they only stayed at Bristol for one day before they were whisked away to the countryside. But in that night she saw the bombing. She says â€Å"In the night I was with my brother it was the most terrifying thing and all you could hear was the screeching of the bombs and huge explosions.†I ask, â€Å"When the war was over was there a huge sense of relief.†â€Å"When the war ended everybody was so cheerful I was in London on victory day but before this whole experience I was 7 now I was 13 a whole chunk of my childhood was torn out,†says Gillian. So were many other children's childhood I think to myself. â€Å"So after that I grew up in London and I met your grandfather Theo, at the age of 22, Theo was 29. So many people got married young in those days,†says Gillian. Gillian and Theo now live in a large Victorian, house in Chelsea London. I ask if they both go out much. â€Å"I go out with our dog Bosie on a walk every day to keep him healthy,†she explains. Bosie is the puppy born in august. He is very lively and is active so they go on a walk every day. â€Å"Do you have any hobbies?†I ask. She says that she collects antiques and has a very large collection of jewellery. Whenever we visit her she always shows my sisters her latest addition to the collection. At 76 Gillian still doesn't have the same athletic ability she used to have but is still very fit for her age. When we go to the park she will be joining in with the football. I therefore sum up this interview part of are elderly season with the same message as other articles of the elderly season week. They are elderly people must have respect they have come from a completely different world compared to us and therefore needed to be treated like that. The elderly are not boring, slow, dull people as depicted in stereotypical pictures they are full of years of wisdom and can tell you lots of good stories. Don't fall for what those stereotypical pictures say†¦ THINK!
Sunday, September 29, 2019
Political Party History
Political Party History Before the Democrat and Republican parties began their reign over American politics, political parties were constantly changing. The first parties resembled faction’s more than actual parties. The nation’s politicians were known to crowd together around a particular issue. These were usually a reflection of social living in America. A change in political parties meant a change in the way Americans were living their lives. Strong third parties also helped influence the Democrat and Republican parties after they gained control. Though the names of parties change over time, there have always been two groups of people taking opposite sides of a common cause. The political party originated when the debate of ratifying the constitution arose. There was a split in the idea of how this new country should be governed. On one side was the federalist, who were mostly supported by the upper class. The wealthy property owners felt susceptible to the open government that was starting to be formed. They wanted to protect their political power. On the other hand the anti-federalists, made up of the lower classes, felt that a stronger central government would create a great deal of corruption as well as threaten the power of the people. These two factions eventually separated into two parties. The first was pushed by Alexander Hamilton and kept the Federalist name. Hamilton believed in a strong national government having most of the authority. Hamilton wanted a strong industrialized country with close ties to the mother country of England. Thomas Jefferson fronted the second party that was named the Democratic-republicans. Jefferson believed in an unpretentious central government giving most authority to the individual states. Jefferson wanted to keep away from the possible corruption of industry and therefore promoted an agrarian based economy. The Federalist Party quickly came to an end when a split in the party occurred due to the controversial presidency of John Adams. With no opposition the Democratic Republicans gradually faded away. This time period consisting of no parties was known as the Era of Good Feelings. With the new idea of universal white male suffrage, which gave the right to vote to all white men in the United States, there was a permanent shift in power. Prospective politicians could no longer only favor the propertied classes; instead they now had to focus on the middle and lower classes concerns. This profound shift helped invigorate a new party, the Democratic Republicans led by Andrew Jackson. The Democratic Republicans believed that the country should be governed under strict adherence to the Constitution. They were against a national banking system. They were also against federally sponsored internal improvements because they felt it would be unwarranted interference and unconstitutional. The opposing side was the National Republicans and was led by John Adams. This party believed in supporting the national bank and favored all internal improvements. The National Republicans were also advocates of a strong central government. Eventually the National Republicans joined forces with many other disparate groups to form The Whig Party. The Democratic Republican Party shortened its name to the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party still favored a limited national government as well as the ideals of agrarianism. Democrats were farmers who believed in the right to own slaves and favored territorial expansion. As transportation improvements increased commercialization and the new democratic politics drew people out of localism into larger networks, questions about national unity arose. Because the Constitution left the federal structure ambiguous all sectional disagreements automatically became constitutional issues. This brought out the great issue of nationalism vs. sectionalism. The opposing side named themselves the Whig Party. The Whigs drew their strength from the growing industrial class. Most Whigs were entrepreneurs who favored urban growth and free labor. The Whigs party beliefs were that of industrialization, they wanted to expand commercially and were in favor of federally sponsored internal improvements in the form of road and waterways. Ultimately the issues over slavery caused the separation of the Whig Party. The Kansas-Nebraska Act divided the Democratic Party. The Act opened up Kansas and Nebraska to deciding their slave status based on popular sovereignty. This angered both the north and the south. By repealing the Compromise of 1820, the Act convinced Northerners that the South was attempting to ensure slavery’s dominance in the United States. The South saw Northern attempts to influence Kansas into voting against slavery as trying to disturb the balance of power. The backlash of the act caused the Democratic Party to split along sectionalist lines and created the Republican Party. This was the Nations first major party created along sectional lines. The new Republican Parties main goal was to stop the spread of slavery into the new territories. The party also wanted to establish a tariff that would protect the countries growing industry; furthermore they wanted to give poor pioneers the ability to own the land they settled in. The Southern Democrats made it abundantly clear that if a Republican won the Presidency the South would secede from the Union to preserve its rights. Shortly after the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 the South seceded from the union. The South was afraid that a Republican President would eradicate their right to own slaves. The Democrats remained fractionalized during the Civil War. The Northern remnants of the party split into three. First was the War Democrats who supported the civil war. Second, the Peace Democrats who wanted a quick political settlement with the South. Third, the Copperheads who openly opposed the war and even betrayed the Union to help the South. During this time the Republicans formed a temporary alliance with the War Democrats, this new party was known as the Union Party. They chose a Republican Party presidential candidate with a War Democratic Party vice presidential candidate. The Union party, even though it only lasted for the duration of the war, was a unique time in American History. Never have two parties come together to support a common cause rejecting selfish notions of power and working beyond their differences to safe the nation. After the Civil war the Democratic Party rejoined as the main opposition of the Republican Party. While their presidential candidates stand little chance of being elected, strong third parties have promoted concepts and policies that were an important part of social and political lives. The Populist and Socialist parties support for reduced working hours led to the Fair Labor Standards Act. These two parties also supported a progressive tax system that would base a person’s tax liability on their amount of income. This idea led to the ratification of the 16th amendment. The Progressive party, or the Bull Moose party, promoted women’s suffrage and was eventually supported by both Democratic and Republican parties which ratified the19th Amendment giving women the right to vote. The Socialist Party furthermore supported a fund to provide temporary compensation for the unemployed. The idea led to the creation of laws establishing unemployment insurance and the Social Security Act. The American Independent party advocated getting tough on crime. The Republican Party adopted the idea in its platform and the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act was the result. From the Revolution to Reconstruction, political parties unified people sharing the same basic principles into a means for change. There has always been one party in the United States party system that was always a strict interpreter of the Constitution and wanted to limit the growing power of the federal government. The other favored a Constitutional interpretation using the elastic clause as a way of increasing federal power. Throughout the first half of American history parties evolved from mere alliances of convenience of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists to the complex political machines of the Democrats, Whigs, and later the Republicans. Though the names of political parties have changed over time there have always been groups of people united to further their own ideological ends. Bibliography USA Today. The Parties. 999-2000. Pearson Education. Presidential Elections. 1789-2004. 2007. Berg-Anderson, Richard E. A Brief History of American Major Parties. May21, 2001. http://www. thegreenpapers. com/Hx/AmericanMajorParties. html Hockett, Homer Carey. Political and Social Growth of the American People. New York: The Mackmillon Company, 1944. Garner, Richard L. Stebbins, Phillip E. Individualism and Community. The Pennsylvania State University, 1975. Hicks, John D. The American Nation. Univ ersity of California, Berkeley1941.
Saturday, September 28, 2019
Methodology Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words
Methodology - Dissertation Example Methodology Qualitative research methodology gives a detailed picture of the data that needs to be a part of the research (Adler 1994). Due to qualitative methodology, the information that needs to be incorporated in the research is descriptive and informational. According to Merrigan and Huston (2004), the qualitative research method functions fine at the preliminary phases of a project as it permits the researcher to bring together information in a way that is evocative and coarse. It is also said that by employing qualitative means, the researcher is not capable to have an unchanging or wholly distinct plan; he may only have an approximation about the plan of the project (Ader, Mellenbergh and Hand 2008). The researcher is capable to identify about the upshot of the project or some measurement of the project with the passage of time, as he constantly employs the qualitative approach for compilation of data (Patton 1990). 1.1 . Research Methodology Qualitative research method and quantitative research methods are very influential in terms of collection of suitable data for any kind of research. Qualitative methods for data collection are used to gather qualitative data. The techniques that are employed for data collection through qualitative methodology are qualitative interviews that are also called in-depth interviews, direct observation, case studies, literature reviews and focus groups (Adler 1994). Qualitative research techniques are used for many educational disciplines for gathering of suitable research data required for the research. These disciplines include history, sociology, anthropology, geography and other social disciplines. (Adler 1994). It is not essential that qualitative research methodology is necessarily adopted for the above-mentioned disciplines but it suits these disciplines more as compared to other disciplines. The restrictions and peripheries of any research can be clearly recognized with the help of qualitative research (Patton 1990). Quantitative research method is used for collection of quantitative data. As far as qualitative research techniques are concerned, they are used for collection of data or information that is uncountable and descriptive but quantitative research techniques gather data or information in a countable order as the collected data is in numeric format. Like qualitative methodology, quantitative methodology also suits some disciplin es or educational areas. These disciplines include accounting, physics, taxonomy, statistics and social sciences (Roessner 2000). The data collection techniques used in quantitative research methodology are with the help of survey forms, tabulations, questionnaire designing, statistical model designs and much more (Roessner 2000). Survey forms and questionnaires are much more used as compared to other techniques of data collection and gathering as they are much convenient to develop and distribute for numeric data collection. The objectives associated with a research are already known to the researcher and he/she works in according to a set plan (Saris and Gallhofer 2007). According to Saris and Gallhofer (2007), the researcher is already aware that the data will be gathered in shape of number format and can be easily employed for statistical evaluation for progress in the research. 1.2. Qualitative Research Method According to Byram and Feng (2006), â€Å"
Friday, September 27, 2019
Market opprotunity factors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Market opprotunity factors - Essay Example Banana ply paper is a substitute product to pulp paper. Some of the other environmental benefits of the production of banana ply paper are that the production facilities use cero water and 99% less energy that traditional paper mills. The world cannot keep cutting down trees for the production of paper. Deforestation is a major environmental concern and one of the causes of global warming. The company’s business model is to use licensing to generate revenues from its patent. A socially responsible strategy that the firm can use is to seek expansion in Africa which holds 53% of the banana plantations. Other products that the company can produce along with paper include packaging, furniture, building, construction and other industries. Some of the characteristics and attributes of Papyrus technology products include water resistance, fire resistance, and UV resistance (Papyrusaustralia, 2012). The future of the company is very bright due to its superb product and the environmentally friendly practices of the
Thursday, September 26, 2019
Women and science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words
Women and science - Essay Example Ada Byron of the United Kingdom is hailed as the creator of the world’s first computer software programme. She was born in December 1815 to the famous English poet Lord George Gordon Byron and Lady Annabella Byron. There were 4 momentous events in her life that propelled Ada to scientific distinction.2 The first event was the split up between her parents. Lady Byron legally separated from her husband just 5 weeks after the birth of Ada. The court granted her sole custody of the child. Free from her husband’s influence, Lady Byron {who secretly dreaded that Ada would take up poetry like her father}, encouraged her daughter to become a mathematician and a scientist. The second and third momentous events were the advent of 2 persons into Ada’s life: Mary Somerville and Charles Babbage. Mary was a brilliant woman who translated the works of French mathematician and astronomer Pierre-Simon Laplace. Her translated texts were widely used at Cambridge. Mary motivated 17- year old Ada to study mathematics deeply. Ada met Charles Babbage during a dinner party in 1834. Charles was an English mathematician, philosopher and mechanical engineer. She was very interested in his pet project called the ‘Analytical Engine’ {which turned out to be the predecessor of the modern computer}. Charles’ contention that the Analytical Engine could be made not only to foresee but also act on such foresight ignited a spark in Ada Byron that would precipitate her to scientific fame.
Wednesday, September 25, 2019
Launching a new product Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Launching a new product - Essay Example The company currently operates in Singapore, but it is planning to extend its operations in the UK. The UK offers a vital market for the company bracelet due to the high rate of economic growth and high consumer disposable incomes of the population. More than 40 million people in the UK would be willing to buy the product and contribute towards charitable work due to the caring attitudes of the population and feminine culture that is replicated in the bracelet design. The number of wealthy and aged individuals is more than 10 percent of the total UK population (Oxford Business Group 222). The macro-environment is favorable since UK economy is currently experiencing a recovery after the recent financial crisis. UK also enjoys stable political environment and is a member of the EU thus making it easier for the organisation to expand to neighboring European countries. The UK population is highly educated and most of the citizens have access to the internet in their homes. UK citizens ha ve caring attitudes towards the environment and life thus it will be easy for the product to penetrate the market. The existing legal environment enables the citizens to contribute donations towards charitable organisations and adequate e-commerce laws have been enacted in order to facilitate online donations (Oxford Business Group 137). In addition, the level of technology is high thus the organisation can rely on the existing modern communication technologies and high internet penetration in order to reach the potential buyers in the remote villages and smaller towns (Oxford Business Group 189). SWOT Analysis Strengths Midomo bracelet enjoys several strengths that are essential in penetrating the targeted market and sustaining relationships with buyers. The product is made of high quality and wearable jewellery thus appealing to the purchasing behaviour of UK citizens. The product will enjoy high brand recognition and awareness in the market since it has been designed by an award winning designer who has a high reputation of quality and stylish designs. In addition, the bracelet is light in weight thus can be worn by the buyers when travelling thus spreading the word of the mouth on the existence of the charitable product in the market. Accordingly, the bracelet symbolizes abundance and water thus will resonate well with the attitudes of UK citizens towards combating environmental degradation. The product is also lowly priced compared to similar jewellery products in the market. Weaknesses Midomo bracelet suffers from several weaknesses since the designer has not offered a variety in terms of color or raw material. Not all potential buyers would be attracted towards silver products or products that depict a feminine style. Some of the potential donors may not be willing to wear the bracelet due to the stereotypes that associate certain health issues like stiff arms with wearing of bracelets around arms (Yeshin 316). Another challenge that will be involved in clude employment of additional staff to monitor the online transactions and answer to customer complaints (Yeshin 337). Opportunities There are numerous opportunities that Midomo Initiative can exploit in order to attain its mission and objectives in the UK market. The company should provide for a variety in terms of bracelet designs and color in order to appeal to the wider market in the UK. The
Tuesday, September 24, 2019
Earwig Insect Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Earwig Insect - Assignment Example Earwigs, after hatching, live for an estimated one year. The earwigs begin mating in autumn, and are mostly found together in winter or autumn. During mating, males and females live in soil, debris or crevices. After mating, sperms are capable of being in the female for long duration, months, before fertilization of eggs. Between mid winter and early spring, males leave. Thereafter, females start laying between 20 and 80 pearly white eggs. Parasitic earwigs are viviparous; hence produce live young ones during birth (Fisher, 2005). The reproductive system of the earwig females comprises; lateral oviducts, genital chamber, ovaries and spermatheca. Sperm is stored in the spermatheca, and the egg leaves the female’s body through lateral ducts. The female opening, referred to as gonopore, is located beneath the seventh abdominal section. Ovaries are primitive; hence, polytrophic (Robinson, 2005). Fossil documentation of Dermaptera begins during Late Triassic up to Early Jurassic duration approximately 208 million years ago in Australia and also England. The records illustrate around 70 specimens of Archidermaptera, the extinct suborder. Some modern earwig traits illustrated by neonatologists are not found in earliest fossils; however, the adults possessed five segmented tarsi, adequately developed ovipositors, long segmented cerci, and veined tegmina (Fisher, 2006). The major earwig species are Forficulina. This is divided into nine families comprising 180 genera; for instance Forficula auricularia, commonly referred to as the European Earwig. Species represented in Forficulina are not parasites, have functional wings and are free living. They possess unsegmented cerci that resemble huge forceps-like structures (Robinson,
Monday, September 23, 2019
Case study of a company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words
Case study of a company - Essay Example The aim of this project is to examine Nike's branding strategy in order to identify the structure, challenges and recommendations for potential improvement. In order to attain this end, the following objectives will be explored: 1. A critical analysis of the strategy for success used by Nike over the past two decades. 2. An examination of the current challenges of the company. 3. Recommendations for the improvement of Nike's existing branding strategy 4. An identification of the branding model used by Nike which can be applicable to other companies. The report will involve a critique of the branding systems and strategies that Nike has used to attain results in its operations. It will analyse the dominant patterns and trends that are used by the company and the main approach which has resulted in the successes of Nike as a major global sports brand. The report will entail a review of the methods and approaches used by the company. The fundamental approach will be through a review of relevant literature. The review will cover the various internal dealings of the Nike and how it has paid off in the area of branding. 2.0 Literature Review This section will examine the important elements and components of the research and study. The section will critically evaluate different groundbreaking definitions and ideas that form the basic framework of the study. They will serve to define the core aspects and of the study and provide an understanding that will create the foundation for the fieldwork and actual research that will be conducted in this study. 2.1 Brand The question of what a â€Å"brand†is plays a significant role in this whole study. This is because the research provides a discussion brand-related matters in Nike, hence it is important to understand the concept of brand and its role in organisations' operations and activities. Kotler defines a brand as â€Å"a name, term, sign, symbol or design or a combination of this intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors†(Knoweles et al, 2010, p91). This implies that a brand is a unique identity or a unique representation that defines a given company's product or offering. This makes the company's offering different from what other companies in the industry are presenting to companies in the industry. To this end, Nike's offering is the popular symbol which makes it different from other competitors like Adidas and Puma who have very different symbols. The idea is to get a unique representation that is protected by law which sets each of the sports manufacturers apart from the other manufacturers. A brand creates and identification for the products in a given entity and builds an emotional connection that acts as basis on which communication with consumers can proceed (Schultz, 2009). This implies that the brand creates a basic and simple representation that other consumers can easily build some kind of connection to. The fundamental position of branding is to provide a means through which easy communication can be conducted. In other words, a brand creates an all-encompassing image which the consumers can identify with through minimal efforts. Once a brand is created, various concepts and ideas of the product offerings are woven into the brand and advertising and other marketing communication ventures are
Sunday, September 22, 2019
Argument Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Argument - Research Paper Example Camera phone is a type of cell phone which has the option of taking pictures (Goggin, 2012). Due to this initially it was considered a tool of intervening in to the privacy of others and therefore many countries banned its use especially in the public places. Later on due to the extensive useful effects of camera phone it was allowed. However, with the passage of time inventors developed such sophisticated built-in cameras that now people don’t know even that they have been photographed. Despite of the fact that majority of the people consider camera phone as a blessing, it has given rise to many problems that were previously not present and therefore today people believe that the use of camera phones should be constrained especially in gymnasiums and other similar places in order to ensure privacy and security of the public while on the other side there are individuals who believe that the camera phones should not be restricted at public places. Hence it leads to an argument which is not yet resolved. People who believe that camera phones does not create disturbance or infuriation in their private lives does not supports the idea of banning camera phone at public places rather they support the idea of using it at places such as gymnasiums. This is primarily due to the fact that camera phones provides an opportunity to capture the most lovable moments of one’s lives and also to share them with others via social networking websites (Goggin, 2012). The mischievous intentions of people can be controlled by the implementation of strict rules and regulations which aims to provide protection to general public. Banning camera phones would be a significant step in this regard. However, if the use of camera phones is not protected by the law then there are substantial chances that people who do not have mischievous intentions will also indulge into harming activities for the sake of fun only. It is the basic
Saturday, September 21, 2019
Trade Liberalization Conflicts with Morally-Conscious Environmental Policies Essay Example for Free
Trade Liberalization Conflicts with Morally-Conscious Environmental Policies Essay With the liberalization of trade, the influence of the corporate elite upon the global economy had increased tenfold. Because multi-national corporations are not beholden to the standards of any one particular government, they are able to maximize their profits by establishing a subsidiary in a country with no rules regarding the use of environmental toxins, minimum wage, or emissions standards. Usually, these are among the world’s poorest countries, which are quickly becoming the most polluted causing damage to the residents as well as the local wildlife. It is commonly known in the sphere of business that the greatest concern that corporations have is maximizing profits for shareholders. As a result, many of the world’s most vulnerable populations have no other alternative than to eat genetically modified Franken-foods or face starvation. In many nations with significant biodiversity such as the Amazon rainforest, enterprising lumber workers and farmers are destroying several acres of forest every second in order to become competitive in the growing produce market. While that would serve to create a significant source of food for an uncertain era, it is only temporary at best and will ultimately cause more problems than it solves. When a land is overly farmed and grazed, it will eventually turn into a desert wasteland, and there would be no way for the people to feed themselves once that happens. Proponents of trade liberalization argue that their practices would end poverty around the world and produce the highest qualities of goods when protectionist strategies fail. However, in order to remain competitive every country in the world would have to turn its territory into a giant corporation and the world’s natural resources would eventually be depleted. Reference Carbaugh, R. J. (2004). International economics (9th ed. ). Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western Educational Publishing.
Friday, September 20, 2019
The Benefits of Ethnographic Research
The Benefits of Ethnographic Research To get to know your subject, one must be immersed with the subject in order to gain valuable information regarding the customs, culture, and systems of life from another culture other than your own. Immersing oneself can be a tedious project that lays ahead. But, if you are careful and well educated regarding the study of ethnography, then this task at hand should not be as tedious as one may think. Ethnography is the study of other cultures with clear and critical rules to engage interaction among non-Western societies. We will first describe the study of ethnography in this paper to form the basis of what ethnography really is as opposed to what the study could be. The study of ethnography has had three important changes in the formation of ethnography which will also be a focus in this discussion in this paper so that we can better understand and use the study of ethnography as anthropologists. There are similarities and differences between the three changes which will examined to fully gather the importance of the changes. We will also review an example of a real life ethnographic study to provide the discussion with evidence that the ethnographic study has clear rules and guidelines to describe other cultures. To add to our discussion, we will take an evaluation of ethnography whereby we will look at the pros and cons of using this method of inquiry. The purpose of this paper is to review the importance of learning the study of ethnography to do the best way to study other cultures other than our own which includes the participant observation method. The next section will define what ethnography is, how anthropologists use ethnography, and carefully discuss why anthropologists use ethnography when studying other cultures. The Study of Ethnography? We often take for granted the importance of learning about other cultures and peoples who live outside our communities, however, if there are efforts to learn about others, we can begin to understand the importance of similarities among human civilizations and societies. There is a study that studies the importance of other cultures as well as during the process we learn about ourselves. We come from a place of extravagance, where the modern world allows us Westerners to have everything at our disposal; therefore we must be cautious when we learn about other cultures especially from places with non-Western ways of doing things. There are however certain forms and guidelines that are used for this purpose specifically. These guidelines are developed by anthropologists who use these guidelines to study other peoples cultures in non-Western nations. Anthropologists determined that the study called ethnography would be the basis for studying other cultures than their own. Ethnography is the systematic study of other cultures by use of observation, participation- observation, and what I will coin the term, participation-observation-inclusion. Ethnography is mainly used to gather in a scientific manner the evidence to show that how and why groups of people chose to live as they do. Ethnography is more importantly used in purposes to perform a logical and laid out script to guide all ethnographic work. Some examples were provided in our textbook by Schultz. Ethnography is essentially the form of observation, whereby the anthropologist observes the actions, rituals, and customs of a society. Three Changes in Ethnography We have now examined and defined what ethnography is and why we use such a method of inquiry when studying other cultures that may differ vastly from our own ways. Early founding anthropologists used specifically observation to study cultures around the world which laid the foundation for learning about human culture, which lead to the first change in ethnography. The first change involved not being exclusively objective, rather they became aware of their biases. These early anthropologists knew that there were forms of subjective-ness in their works produced and published; therefore, partly tarnished. This first change also involved not being able to be completely invisible. The subjects were aware of the anthropologist studying them from afar (Schultz:2005). The second change come from the first change where the subjects were studied as above but the anthropologists also included participation of the subject. They were now aware of the benefits of asking questions in order to compare to the actually actions of the subjects. When we ask the participants, we are including the subjects with the research which is more sophisticated than just learning from a distance. Anthropologists using this method of inquiry became more susceptible to more information that helped them understand the similarities and differences of other cultures among ourselves. Lastly, the third major change in ethnography was the usage of multiple sites for locations of gathering information. Many anthropologists were unaware of the multiple sites of locations that participants participated in that this information of multiple sites may have been gathered when anthropologists asked participants questions of daily living. We have reviewed the three changes in ethnography and we can conclude that there are significant changes that led to the modern day ethnography that is still being perfected as we speak. Similarities and Differences of the Three Changes in Ethnography There are several similarities and differences among the changes of ethnography. The similarities are they all require the study of the subjects, they all still gather evidence to support their arguments, and the last similarity is that they all try their best to study the best way possible. The differences were lightly touched above but to get further in discussion, we can view the differences as ways of improving. One major difference is that the first change and the second change came out of misleading society about other cultures. The ramifications occurred due to the discriminatory practices from the outcome of the anthropologists. Another difference is that the third change became more inclusive than the other previous two changes in ethnography. Both similarities and differences are important to outline to provide a critical overview of the topic of ethnography and its changes to improve the method of inquiry. Impacts of the Three Changes There were impacts of the three changes in the study of ethnography, which include having a more sound method of inquiry, more elaborate detailed descriptions of the societies they studied, and there is more sensitivity towards subjects. The method of inquiry, participant observation, was improved with the three changes by ways of including participants themselves. This allows the researcher/anthropologists to fully engulf their selves into the society they are studying. Previous anthropologists who laid the groundwork for anthropology were Malinowski and Varandeh (Classnotes:2010). They both developed ethnographical fieldwork to better study the cultures they were interested in. One major impact was the introduction to Reflexivity. When an anthropologist is reflexive, they are more aware of their assumptions and position they are working and imposing on (Classnotes:2010). An Example of Ethnography that should have utilized the Three Changes The anthropologist, Jean Briggs, studied the Utkuhikhalingmiut (Utku, for short) in northern Canada in efforts to gather ethnographic research (Schultz; 2005). She was inducted into the community however there was a misunderstanding that prevented her from proceeding with her ethnographic study. The Utku were unable to fully communicate with the anthropologist and thus became frustrated with the anthropologists actions and misunderstandings. In short the anthropologist had a very difficult time in gathering valuable information that she ended up seeking help from a local Utku who could help her with the communication process. The anthropologist needed more than just the study of ethnography; Schultz suggests that there should be more work like this (2005). The Utku is a great example of how the anthropologist should have utilized the three changes in ethnography, which are participant observation and multiple sites. The example of the ethnographic study above was provided in this essay to provide a detailed explanation of how ethnography can still require improvements. The use of sensitivity is critical to understand others regardless of different cultures or races. The use of sensitivity allows researchers to understand that we are human beings with feelings, responses, and thoughts that the anthropologist would act very suspicious if there were no human effects of doing such research. For example, Briggs, the anthropologist discussed above, was not sensitive to the fact that these people of the north do speak a native language that would never have the same meanings in English.  So there should have been some sort of awareness of this prior to going out and doing fieldwork in ethnographic methods of inquiry. Soon there will be educated native people performing ethnographical studies who enter into their own communities speaking their own languages that will make the ethnographic research more viable. These three changes have had a great impact on ethnography. Critical Evaluation of Ethnography We have learned that there are three major changes in the way anthropologists conduct ethnographic research and that there must be an understanding from all areas of the research spectrum. Ethnography is the study of other cultures and there were significant changes in the way anthropologists perform observations of the other cultures. These changes benefited mostly the society the anthropologists were studying but the anthropologists also gained a modified form of gathering information. The impacts are important to study as well as the history of the ethnographic study whereby the impacts are also ways to improve the method of inquiry of other nations from the perspective of the anthropologist who happens to be subjected to Western ways of life. The perspective of the anthropologist is now a function in the reflexive process. Reflexive is the key to successful ethnographic research as now the research has a foundation to build on. When the anthropologist includes their view of life and how it differs from the group they are studying, the work that is produced is more truthful. Let me explain so that there is no confusion.  This is what we learned in other classes that there is a method called grounded approach. The researcher goes back and forth between the researchers assumptions and the subjects evidence in order to compare and modify the results that are being recorded and published. The grounded approach is a sensible way of conducting research by constantly checking and rechecking the data that is developed out of observation. The grounded approach verifies information as it is being recorded, as there is no other way to take apart a cultures complex systems of living. Overall, the ethnographic study of other cultures has many points that the evaluation of the three changes only proves that the study is improving. Conclusion            This paper has examined the use and benefits of utilizing the study of ethnography to better understand the world we live in and the people who live in this world.  There were three major changes that occurred over the course of the period of the development of ethnography, which included participant observation and multiple sites for gathering data.  These three changes gave ethnography the substance to continue as a valuable and trustworthy method of inquiry that all anthropologists should be aware of these three changes.  For a final thought, we should ask the subjects themselves which is the best method to inquire learning about their culture.
Thursday, September 19, 2019
How Can We Help The Homeless And Should We?: Searching For A Solution :: essays research papers
How Can We Help the Homeless and Should We?: Searching for a Solution Just a few months ago I was with my friends Mike and Kim and we had been walking around having a great time in the city. We then exited a store and Kim said something under her breath like, "Oh, no," when I looked in the same direction to find a middle aged man with a drunken stare to him. She knew this man as "the town drunk" and he had been homeless for years. He asked us for the time and we replied, but he didn't just stop with that and followed us across the street talking up a storm. He was telling his whole life story in the fifteen minutes we stood there: he talked about how he grew up living poor with his family and how he wanted to be educated and go through college to get a good job so he could live well. But he said his parents just didn't have the money and it was impossible. I felt threatened as did Mike and Kim from the drunken gestures of this man and thought to myself, if this man wanted to make something of his life, I mean if he really wanted to, he would try harder and somehow do wh at he wanted. We tried to leave as soon as possible. But then I began reading these essays about the homeless and it started to change my mind. The essay "Virginia's Trap" by Peter Marin especially effected me because of the way it portrays the young woman that has nothing going for her and almost everything against her. I though about this and decided I had misunderstood the whole plight of this population and thought there must be a better way to help these unfortunate people. How should we help the homeless and should we try even though they may not help themselves? I figure that is the most important question that needs to be answered if anything is to be done. Of the essays I analyzed Awalt's "Brother Don't Spare a Dime" was the one essay that went against the idea of helping the homeless because the author thinks it's their own fault for being the way they are. The other two essays are easier on the homeless and want to lend a helping hand. In "Address Unknown: Homeless in Contemporary America" James Wright thinks that helping the homeless by giving them more benefits that they will be more prosperous. Peter Marin has the same idea in "Virginia's Trap" where the young woman is in need of just a
Wednesday, September 18, 2019
Analysis of the First Two Acts of Brechts The Caucasian Chalk Circle :: The Caucasian Chalk Circle
Set shortly after World War two, the Prologue commences with two groups of peasants seated in the ruins of a Caucasian village, present is a delegate from the State Reconstruction Commission. We are introduced to the two parties as they argue the retrieval of a valley; the goat herders (on the right) originally owned the land and therefore believe that as they were there first they should hence keep the land, whereas the party on the left (the fruit farmers) argue that they could put the land to better use by means of superior production. The delegate moderating the debate chooses the fruit farmers. This introduction not only sets the plays structure but also possesses many communist undertones as in a capitalist government the land would be returned to its original owner, yet under Communist supervision the "logical" explanation is to give the land to whoever will put it to the best use. In order to celebrate the peaceful resolution to the dispute the peasants on the left provide a singer named Arkadi to sing a song entitled "The Chalk Circle." The positioning of the two parties on the stage is very effective, as one immediately comprehends the political significance. The party on the right representing right-wing beliefs and that of the left conveying that of the communists, the fact that the delegate selects the Communists to receive the land suggests the topic of the play and the eventual outcome of it, resulting in a foreboding and somewhat confusing atmosphere. The prologue serves as a means for Brecht to present his ideas before the play essentially commences thus allowing the audience to accept the moral of the play and be inclined to acknowledge the Communist message before the actual production begins. The singer appears to be symbolic of wisdom throughout the play; he narrates the fable in a lyrical and poetic fashion with metaphors that offers insight on the various characters feelings and clarification of the various scenes. The prologue appears historically accurate yet the initiation of Act One presents an entirely different mood; the singer causes his story to be perceived as a fairytale. By speaking in verse all realism is taken away and the audience is transported to a fabled world created by the singer. Though not announced, the Acts having titles emphasizes the storybook theme. The play commences with the singer seated on the floor surrounded by a group of listeners (the chorus) in his hand is a book, as he commences his tale he does not read from the book but rather narrates from memory "the manner of his recitation makes it clear that he has told his story over and over again.
Tuesday, September 17, 2019
Essay --
McKenzie Bumgarner Mrs. McGillivary 8th Science 18 December 2013 Today floating is important. Boats float in the ocean, boats can be used for fun and also for delivering things over sea. There are many factors that contribute to floating. Such as density, buoyancy, solution, solvent, solute and many other things. Density is â€Å"Is a measure of mass per unit of volume. Density is what helps make things float, anything that has a density less than one it floats. The more density the object has, the higher the mass per volume. For example, take a sponge, most of the artificial ones are made out of foamed plastic. Therefore sponges hold or contain a lot of density. If you were to take a sponge and melt it into a plastic soup without the bubbles, it will stay one pound but it will become much denser. Density is probably the most important thing thats needed in order for an object float.1,000.00 kg/m ³ is the equation for the density of water.(chemforkids.com) Buoyancy is the ability to float. â€Å"Buoyancy is first and foremost, a force.†buoyancy moves things in an upward movement....
Monday, September 16, 2019
How is Brutus portrayed as a tragic hero?
Throughout the works of Shakespeare, tragedy has always been a vital foundation and a key to his immense successes. His fine mastery of the art became legendary amongst the audiences that watched his various plays. Romeo and Juliet is a prime example of the tragedy he could combine into a stage performance. An Irish poet named Oscar Wilde who was a novelist, dramatist and critic in the late eighteen hundreds once wrote, â€Å"There are only two tragedies in life: one is not getting what one wants, and the other is getting it. This has an exact correlation to the play Julius Caesar where the tragedy lies in the greed of a man who wants too much. This particular play is based entirely upon dreadful choices leading to demise. The character Brutus in particular is a key personality to the structure of the play in his fall from honour. Being a man of utmost glory and loyalty becomes his biggest weakness. In Act 1 Scene 2 we are presented with the pressure that Cassius weighs upon Brutus' mind. In lines 79-80 the truth of Brutus' troubles become clear. In the heat of conversation he says â€Å"What means this shouting? I do fear the people choose Caesar for their king†. This is the turning point in the play as the stepping stones begin to fall in place and Brutus reveals to the viewers his deep down uncertainty to the decision of Caesar being crowned emperor. Cassius is a very influential force in the corruption of Brutus. The real change of heart for Brutus arrives in Act 2 Scene 1 when he receives the letter (lines 46-47). The play begins to see him question his values and reasons. The true torment of all he has lived for, the honour he based his life upon becomes clear and treachery looms close by. Though the letter is simple and only two lines, it sparks the questions needed to be raised in order to get beneath the unwavering loyalties that he is shown to carry. In the lines that read, â€Å"Brutus, thou sleep'st: awake'. Such instigations have often been dropp'd where I have took them up†(lines 48-49), and, â€Å"Shall Rome stand under one man's awe? What Rome? †(line 52), it is apparent that the few words the letter carried have created doubt in Brutus' mind. The fact that Brutus is so appealing to the audience is a mixture of emotions stirred within each person watching the play. It is comprehendible and probable that Shakespeare's ambition was to connect this character to the everyday temptations and conscientious objecting that every person goes through. Although this has been extremely dramatised, people can familiarise with Brutus' predicament as they have at least once in their lives faced a temptation for which they have most probably given in to. In Act 1 Scene 2, lines 82-89 it provides the loose fibre in the strength of Brutus' loyalty, but also shows the torment inside of this character facing the brutal reality of his own thoughts and feelings, a classic example being, â€Å"I would not, Cassius; yet I love him well†. It presents the fractured reasoning of the human mind; the inability to come to a threatening conclusion against all that has been previously believed, a sympathy that everyone has subconsciously acquired through a relation to their own similar experiences. The flaw in the character of Brutus is his own deep thirst for honour. Though this is important in order for the play's theme to coincide with the historical Roman context, it is also a weakness inside the characters personality that was intentionally added to bring the play to a rise in calamity. The character Cassius uses this weakness to an advantage. The deceitful cunning that the he possesses alone pushes Brutus into seeing a whole different side to his own glory. He begins to build a frame for his motives and starts to press upon himself a false story of the higher nobility. This is entirely proven in the eulogy he gives at Caesar's funeral. He speaks of himself in such a manner that he even fools himself into believing he's done nothing wrong, specifically shown in Act 3 Scene 2, lines 20-28 where it says, â€Å"If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more†. This signifies the fact that Brutus is completely tricked into thinking he did the right thing. Although being far more intelligent than to believe that Cassius is truly trying to bring Rome to justice, he starts to consider the possibility that the treacherous character may have a point. Once again Act 2 Scene 1, line 52 comes into play where he sees a different light on Caesar. Instead of seeing him as a proud but honest ruler, he looks upon him with the eye of Cassius and sees an over ambitious ruler with a hunger for power. This weakness was a calculated imperfection on the part of Shakespeare. It is evident that his goal was to produce the suitable factor to manipulate in order to make Brutus a tragic hero and effectively utilise that status to get the audiences emotionally involved in the play. To finalise Brutus' â€Å"tragic hero†status, the last component was to have the character die a dramatic death. As most people in Shakespeare's lifetime where in the age where they began to appreciate the lifestyles and arts of Ancient Rome, they were well aware of the battle standards and were all to familiar with the classic death on the battle field when a soldier lost his honour. So it was only justice to have Brutus follow the same fate at the end of the play in order to hit home on the audiences' interests. The clarity of Brutus' misconduct becomes obvious to him when he sees the blood spilt on his behalf and realises the end is near, presented in Act 5 Scene 5, lines 1-51, especially in the line where it says, â€Å"Sit thee down, Clitus. Slaying is the word; it is a deed in fashion. Hark thee, Clitus. †(lines 4-5). With this consequence, the audience will be in a deep sympathy because by this stage they have grown to like this character and feel sorry for his poor decisions if Shakespeare's methods are convincing and will be enthralled in the drama of his exit, admiring the characters honour even after his descent from valour. In conclusion, the character Brutus is shown as a tragic hero due to a range of reasons. If Shakespeare's in depth and intelligent understanding of sympathy and personal familiarities wasn't shown through the play then the audience would not feel the same emotions and therefore would not have experienced the sorrows or have empathized with Brutus' predicaments that he got himself into. Shakespeare plays on the audience's personal tragedies and faults by adding a character mislead by treachery and blinded with the pursuit of an honour that was false from the start. If the audience was not moved by the play, then the character would become wooden and the effect would be obsolete. Brutus' human faults of being vulnerable to deceit and cunning are what make this character so lifelike. The tragedy of this deluded character killing himself at the end of a series of bad consequences brought forth by deception is what makes him such a ‘tragic hero'.
Patriot Movie Review
The Patriot In theaters on June 30, 2000. Directed by: Roland Emmerich Written by: Robert Rodat Main Characters in the movie: Mel Gibson as Benjamin Martin, Heath Ledgar as Gabriel Martin, Tom Wilkinson as Lord General Cornwallis, & Jason Issac as Colonel William Tavington The film is rated R for strong war violence. Summary: It is 1776 when the Revolutionary War began between the American Colonists and the British soldiers. The main character, Benjamin Martin, is a veteran of the French and Indian war who wants independence from Britain, but is not willing to risk the safety of his already motherless children by going to war.It was the British who had killed his wife and he did not want to put his family in danger as he did so once before. However though he forms a militia and goes around looking for people in the colonies who are willing to fight against the â€Å"red coats†which are the British because he knew it had to be done. He did not approve of his oldest son Gabriel joining the Continental Army but Gabriel wanted to so bad that he went behind his fathers back to sign up anyway. This caused problems for him because they found him and threatened him on his own land.Benjamin Martin helped wounded soldiers both from the American side & British side and because of that he was viewed as a traitor to many people. The killing of his son when the British came to his home caused him to react and want to go to war with them. The Americans and British went to war and there was a lot of loss of American soldiers and the French came to help them because they disliked the British as well and tried to stop the British from trying to take over other places. After years in the war the Americans finally won and were able to pass the Declaration of Independence.Benjamin Martin had finally gotten even and killed Tavington because he killed both of his sons. Even though a lot of people died they were free at last from British control and that’s when good thi ngs started to happen for the Americans. Benjamin Martin ends up falling in love with his dead wifes sister & protects his family. He is truly considered a hero because if it weren’t for him then the Americans would have never taken it upon themselves to fight against the British. The colonies became united and it was just the beginning of a good period of time.The Patriot is a wonderful movie that not only has action and romance, but it has an important meaning. It gives us an outlook on the events that took place long ago that eventually led to our independence and the states uniting. Without it we probably wouldn’t have been the United States like we are now and it might have been longer before we would have been free from the British. I would definitely recommend everyone to watch this movie because you will definitely enjoy it regardless of your age or interests. Historical Accuracy: In the movie, the Continental Congress extends an order to slaves stating that if they serve 12 months in the Colonial Army, they would be granted their freedom and be paid 5 schillings per month served. The Congress never extended such an order in real life. – Benjamin Martin sends his children and his family friend to a slave colony after their plantation is burned down. Martin's family is welcomed into the colony and there is much celebration at their coming. Although a few slave colonies existed, they were very secluded and most likely would not have taken kindly to a group of white plantation owners looking for shelter.
Sunday, September 15, 2019
Recovery Group Field Trip and Paper Essay
I attended a local Narcotics Anonymous meeting held at the Salvation Army building in my hometown. Upon entering the meeting room, the few people that were in the room did say hello to me, however, no one asked me why I was there. I was left alone to choose my seat wondering what was next. Eventually, a middle-aged man entered the room. I soon learned that he was running the meeting. He asked if it was my first time there. I told him that it was and before I could explain my presence I was handed several brochures and asked to read a laminated sheet when called upon. He quickly moved on with his meeting set-up duties. So, being a bit nervous, I chose to sit quietly and review the materials given to me. As others entered the room, I noticed that many were in probably in their twenties and then some in their thirties, forties, and beyond. Some were well dressed and others poorly dressed, coming from all walks of life. There were more men in attendance than women. It was obvious that many of them knew one another as they were having conversations. Some brought their small children probably not having babysitters or able to afford one. Once the meeting started, it moved along according to an agenda. Others had been given materials to read as I had. As people were called upon to read what was given to them, I realized that these materials were read at every meeting as they all seemed to have them memorized and recited along with the reader or when the reader came to certain parts of the reading, they had a response. Once the Who is an Addict? and, What is the Narcotics Anonymous Program were read then everyone introduced themselves by first name only – Hello, my name is _______ and I am an addict. The group responded with, Hello, ________. Following this, members read Why are We Here?, How it Works, The Twelve Traditions of NA (my reading). At this point in the meeting, the leader asked for volunteers to share their recovery stories. I was then asked to share my story. This is where I explained that I regularly attend Al-Anon meetings and was attending the Narcotics Anonymous meeting for a school project and apologized for the confusion. Everyone was still very receptive to my presence. It was even explained to me that it is suggested that those attending Al-Anon attend an Alcoholics or Narcotics Anonymous meeting at least once. After all stories were shared, announcements made and chips given out for benchmark of sobriety, the group formed a circle holding hands and recited the Serenity Prayer together to end the meeting. Two things that I felt were effective about the meeting were the readings and the sharing of stories. The memorization of the readings told me that those members attend regularly and take their recovery seriously. The other thing that I felt was effective, and most significant, was hearing about each person’s addiction, struggles, failures, and successes about their recovery and the advice they had to share. It was very moving. It helped to relate to and better understand my boyfriend’s addiction to drugs and alcohol. It was also comforting to have confirmed that the addict or those close to the addict who are affected are not alone in this disease. Some admitted that they were there because it was court ordered, which was quite a few. I could definitely tell those who were there and took their recovery seriously versus those who were there because they had to be and did not take their recovery seriously. I honestly did not find anything that was counterproductive or ineffective about the meeting. I thought it was run well and efficiently. I do think though that the leader should take a bit more time to speak to someone who is a newcomer and find out if they are there as an addict, visitor, etc. and not assume that they are there because they are an addict. As I stated previously, I found the meeting to be very moving. It was very helpful for me to be able to hear all those different stories about how people became addicted, came to realize that they need help, how they are working their Twelve Step Program, keep their families together, take care of their kids, and how they are trying to survive each day by working their program. I cannot really say that I was surprised by anything that I heard in that room. It has impacted my view of those with addictions by learning to better understand them and not be so quick to judge them and ask why they cannot stop. As I have learned from my boyfriend’s recovery, from attending the Narcotics Anonymous meeting, and attending my own Al-Anon meetings, it is not that simple. I definitely have more patience and compassion for people who suffer from addictions.
Saturday, September 14, 2019
Political Philosophy and M.a. Public Administration Essay
I. Greek Political Thought Plato: Justice, Ideal State Aristotle: Theory of the State, Revolutions II. Medieval and Early Modern Political Thought Church and the State: St. Augustine Marsilio of Padua Nicolo Machiavelli: State and Statecraft I. Social Contract Theory Thomas Hobbes: Human Nature, Sovereignty John Locke: Theory of Property, Consent and Government J. J. Rousseau: Popular Sovereignty II. Idealism Immanuel Kant: Ethics and Politics G. W. F. Hegel: State and Civil Society T. H. Green: Theory of Rights. Recommended Books: Sukhbir Singh, History of Political Thought G. H. Sabine, A History of Political Theory V. Krishna Rao, Paschatya Rajaniti Tatvavicharamu (in Telugu) John Plamenatz, Man and Society Ernest Barker, The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle C. B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER – I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the  academic year 2002 03) PAPER   II: ADMINISTRATIVE THEORY (Classical). Unit I. a). Introduction: Public Administration   Meaning, Scope and Significance. b). Woodrow Wilson: Politics and Administration dichotomy. Unit II. a). Henri Fayol: Functionalism b). F. W. Taylor: Scientific Management Theory Unit III: a). Luther Gulick and Lyndal Urwick: Administrative Management Theory. b). Max Weber : Bureaucratic Model. Unit IV: a). Mary Parker Follet: Conflict Resolution b). Chester Barnard: Neo Classical Model Readings: 1. Prasad R and Others(eds)    : Administrative Thinkers, (Telugu / English) nd 2 Edition, Sterling, New Delhi. 2. S. P. Naidu                              : Public Administration: Theories and Concepts, New Age International Publications, Hyderabad, 1996. 3. Hoshiar Singh & Pradeep Sachdeva                              : Administrative Theory, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi, 1999. 4. Fred Luthans                          : Organisational Behaviour. Students are required to consult relevant articles from journals relating to public administration especially the Indian Journal of Public Administration M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER – I (Common for both  M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the  academic year 2002 03) PAPER III: INDIAN CONSTITUTION UNIT  I :    (a) Making of the Indian Constitution – Basic Foundations of Indian Constitution (b) Salient Features  of Indian Constitution UNIT II :  (a)  Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy (b) Centre  State Relations UNIT III :  (a)  Union Government – Parliament, President, Prime Minister and Cabinet (b) Supreme Court and Judicial Review. UNIT IV : (a)  Provisions for the Welfare of Weaker Sections (b) Reviewing of the Constitution – Sarkaria  Commission and Constitutional Review Commission Reference Books: 1. Granville Austin   The Indian Constitution – Corner Stone of the Nation 2. D. D. Basu   Introduction to the Constitution of India 3. Morris Jones, W. H.   The Government and Politics of India 4. Kothari, R   Politics in India 5. V. D. Mahajan   Indian Constitution 6. J. C. Johari   Indian Constitution M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the  academic year 2002 03) PAPER IV:  GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN ANDHRA PRADESH UNIT I: a). Approaches to the Study of State Government and Politics. b). Political History of the State Formation of Andhra Pradesh. UNIT II: a) Constitutional Structures b) Political Parties UNIT III: a). Sub Regional Movements: Separate Telangana Movement and Jai And hara Movement. b). Peasant Movements: Telangana Armed Struggle and Naxalite Movement. UNIT IV: a). Public Sector and Politics of Subsidy b). Liberalization. BOOKS RECOMMENDED: 1. Myron Weiner (ed. ) 2. Iqbal Narain 3. Reddy & Sharma(eds. ) 4. V. Hanumantha Rao 5. K. V. Narayana Rao 6. Sri Prakash 7. S. C. Kashyap 8. Ashok Sen 9. Babulal Fadia 10. B. A. V. Sharma 11. Barry Pavier 12. G. Ram Reddy State Politics in India.   State Politics in India.  State Government & Politics in A. P. .   Party Politics in Andhra Pradesh.   Emergence of Andhra Pradesh.   State Governors in India.   Politics of Defections: A Study of State Politics in India.   Role of Governors in the Emerging Patterns of Center State Relations in India.   State Politics in India.   Political Economy of India.   Telangana Movement 1944 51.  Panchayati Raj and Rural Development in A. P M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the  academic year 2002 03) PAPER V a (OPTIONAL): POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND IDEAS IN ANCIENT INDIA UNIT   I: Political Ideas in the early period a) Samhitas and Brahmanas b) Principal Upanishads. UNIT  II: Political ideas in Dharmasastras a) Apatstambha, Yagnovalkya and Manu. b) Mahabharata. UNIT III: Political Ideas in Anti   Vedic Literature. a) Early Buddhist Literature. b) Early Jain Literature. UNIT IV: Technical Works on Polity. a) Predecessors of Kautilya. b) Kautilya’s Arthasastra. BOOOKS REOMMENDED: 1. Cambridge History of India, vol. I. 2. Ghoshal 3. Jayaswal 4. Rangaswami Aiyanagar 5. Bandopadhyaya 6. Kane, P. V. 7. D. Machenzie Brown 8. Spellman 9. Altaker, A. S. 10. Saletore, B. A. History of Hindu Political Theory   Hindu Polity   Rajadharma   Development of Hindu Political Theories  History of Dharma Sastra, Vol. III   The White Umbrella   The Political Theory of Ancient India   State and Government in Ancient India   Ancient Indian Political Thought and Institutions M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration Students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) PAPER V b (OPTIONAL): WOMEN AND POLITICS Unit   I: THEORITICAL APPROACHES i) Political Phil ii) osophers on Women: Plato, Aristotle Rousseau, J. S. Mill and Karl Marx iii) Liberal and Radical Approaches iv) Mary Woolstone Craft and Simon de Beauvoir WOMEN AND THE INDIAN STATE i) Indian Constitution and Women ii) Committee on the Status of Women   1975 iii) National Policies on Women WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION i) Women and Nationalist Movement ii) Women’s Electoral Participation   Trends   National and State iii) Women’s Movement in India   Perspectives and Strategies RESERVATION  THE EXPERIENCE OF PANCHAYATI RAJ i) The Debate on Women’s Reservation rd th ii) 73 and 74 Constitutional Amendments iii) Lessons from the Experience. Unit   II: Unit   III: Unit   IV: READING LIST: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Charvet John, Feminism   Modern Ideologies Series, J. M. Devt & Sons London, 1982 Eva Figes, Patriarchal Attitudes Women in Society, New Delhi: Macmillan, 1985 . Agnew Vijay, Elite Women in Indian Politics, Vikas, New Delhi, 1979. Susheela Kaushik, (ed. ), Women’s Participation in Politics. Diana Coole, Women in Political Theory. Simon de Beauvoir, The Second Sex. Vicky Randall : Women and Politics, Macmillan, London, 1982. Government of India, Ministry of Education and Social Welfare: Towards Equality: Report of the Committee on the Status of Women, New Delhi, 1974. 9. Geraldine Forbes: Women in Modern India, New Delhi, Cambridge University Press, 1996. 10. Veena Mazumdar (ed. ) , Symbols of Power. 11. Issues of Panchayati Raj   Update  Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi. OLD M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration Students with effect from the academic year 2006 07) PAPER V b (OPTIONAL): WOMEN AND POLITICS Unit   I: THEORITICAL APPROACHES i)         Ancient Political Philosophers on Women – Plato, Aristotle Rousseau. ii) Modern Liberal Thinkers:  Mary Woostonecraft, J. S. Mill iii) Radial thinkers – Karl Marx and Angels, Simon de Beauboir, Kate Millet. WOMEN AND THE INDIAN STATE i) Indian Constitution and Women ii) Committee on the Status of Women   1975 iii) National Policies on Women – 1988 and 2001. WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION i) Women and Nationalist Movement ii) Women’s Electoral Participation   Trends   National and State iii) Women’s Movement in India   Perspectives and Strategies RESERVATION  THE EXPERIENCE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT i)The Debate on Women’s Reservation rd th ii) 73 and 74 Constitutional Amendments iii) Women’s Political participation – problems and prospects. Unit   II: Unit   III: Unit   IV: READING LIST: 1. Charvet John, Feminism   Modern Ideologies Series, J. M. Devt & Sons London, 1982 2     Eva Figes, Patriarchal Attitudes Women in Society, New Delhi: Macmillan, 1985. 3     Agnew Vijay, Elite Women in Indian Politics, Vikas, New Delhi, 1979. 4     Susheela Kaushik, (ed. ), Women’s Participation in Politics. 5     Diana Coole, Women in Political Theory. 6     Simon de Beauvoir, The Second Sex. 7     Vicky Randall : Women and Politics, Macmillan, London, 1982. 8    Government of India, Ministry of Education and Social Welfare: Towards Equality: Report of the Committee on the Status of Women, New Delhi, 1974. 9 Geraldine Forbes: Women in Modern India, New Delhi, Cambridge University Press, 1996. 10 Veena Mazumdar (ed. ) , Symbols of Power. 11. Issues of Panchayati Raj   UPDATE  Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi. M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER – III (FROM THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2003 – 2004) PAPER – I COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION UNIT I: COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION – HISTORY AND CONCEPT 1. Evolution of Comparative Public Administration – Comparative Administration Group (CAG) 2. Definition, Scope and Importance of Comparative Public Administration 3. Comparative Elements in Earlier Administrative Theory. UNIT  II   ? MODELS IN COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1. Bureaucratic Model 2. Ecological Model 3. Administrative Systems Model UNIT  III  : COMPARATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS        . 1. Administrative Systems of Developed Nations : USA and UK 2. Administrative Systems of Developing Countries 3. Administrative Systems of Communist States UNIT – IV  :  COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION : RECENT TRENDS 1. International Administration 2. Global Public Administration 3. Comparative Public Administration: Decline and Revival. Reference Books: Ferrel Heady : Public Administration : A Comparative Perspective R. K. Arora : Comparative Public Administration : An Ecological Perspective Viswanathan : Comparative Public Administration T. N. Chaturvedi and V. P. Verma (eds. ) : Comparative Public Administration Ali Farazmand : Handbook of Comparative and Development Administration Jean Claude Gareia Zamor and Renu Khator:  Public Administration in the Global Village 7. C. V. Raghavulu and M. Bapuji : Tulanatmaka Prabhutva Palana, Telugu Academy (in Telugu) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   III (From the academic year 2003 – 2004) PAPER  II:  PUBLIC PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION. Unit  I: 1. Introduction to Public Personnel Administration:  Meaning, Definition Scope and Significance. 2. Public Service: Concept and Role in Modern State. Unit  II: 1. Recruitment:  Recruitment and Selection Process, Recruitment Policy, Recruitment Methods, Induction and Placement. 2. Classification:  Classification of Services:  Role Classification and Position Classification. Unit  III: 1. Man Power Planning/Human Resource Planning: Meaning Importance, Supply and Demand Forecast. 2. Career Planning:  Meaning and Process, Job Enrichment and Capacity Building. Unit  IV: 1. Pay and Service Conditions:  Pay Principles, Pay Determination And Pay Commissions. 2. Discipline:  Conduct, Discipline and Supeannuation. Reference Books: 1. Glenn O. Sthal               :   Public Personnel Administration 2. Felix A. Nigro                 :   Public Personnel Administration 3. Pfiffner and Presthus     :   Public Administration 4. S. R. Maheswari             :   Indian Administration 5. Avasthi and Maheswari :   Public Administration 6. Ramesh K. Arora and Rajni Goyal  :  Indian Public Administration 7. Report of Administrative Reforms Commission on Personnel Administration M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   III (From the academic year 2003 – 2004) PAPER   III: INDIAN ADMINISTRATION Unit   I: a). The legacy of Indian Administration   Evolution   Kautilya   Moghal period   British period and Constitutional Framework. b) . Structure of Indian Administration : Prime Minister’s role   Central Secretariat  Cabinet Secretariat  PMO c). All India services   UPSC Unit  II:  State Administration a). State Secretarial : Chief Secretary  State Services. b). Role of District Collector. c). Planning Machinery at the State level   District Planning. Unit  III: Issues of Indian Bureaucracy a). Political Executive and Bureaucracy b). Indian Bureaucracy: A case for representatives. c). The Generalist and the Specialist in Indian Administration. Unit IV: a). Administration of Planning: Planning Commission and National Development council. b). Centre  State Administrative Relations. c). People’s Participation in Grassroots Development   Janma Bhoomi   Micro Planning. Unit V: a). Citizen  Administration   Redressal of Citizens’ Grievances   Lokpal and Lokayukta in Andhra Pradesh. b). Corruption in Indian Public Life   Role of Central Vigilance Commission. c). Administrative Reforms and innovations in India. Readings: 1. Ramesh k. Arora and Rajni Goyal : Indian Public Administration, Wishwa Prakashan, New Delhi, 1995. 2. Hoshiar Singh and Mohinder singh: Public Administration in India, Sterling, New Delhi, 1995. 3. Hoshiar Singh : Indian Administration 4. R. B. Jain : Contemporary issues in Indian Administration, Vishal, Delhi, 1976. 5. Haridwar Rai and S. P. Singh : Current Ideas and issues in Public Administration, th 6. S. R. Maheswari : Indian Administration (5 Edition) 7. J. C. Johari : Indian Political System. 8. Hariharadas : Political System of India. Students are required to consult relevant articles from journals relating to public administration especially the Indian Journal of Public Administration M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   III (From the academic year 2003 – 2004) PAPER – IV  PANCHAYATI RAJ IN INDIA UNIT – I  :  INTRODUCTION 1. Definition, Scope and Importance of Local   Self Government. 2. History of Rural Local – Self Government in India – Ancient, Medieval and British Periods. UNIT – II  :  PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM – NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE rd Genesis and Development of Panchayati Raj – Significance of 73 Constitutional  Amendment Act 2. Board Pattern of Panchayati Raj System – Structure and Function 1. UNIT – III :   PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM IN ANDHRA PRADESH 1. Important  Features of the A. P. Panchayati Raj Act of 1994. 2. Functioning of Panchayati Raj Institutions. UNIT – IV :   PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM: IMPORTANT AREAS 1. Panchayati Raj Finances – Role of State Finance Commission 2. Panchayati Raj – State Relations Reference Books: 1. S. R. Maheswari              :   Local Government in India 2. G. Ram Reddy               :    Patterns of Pancharati Raj. 3. B. S. Khanna                  :    Panchayati Raj in India 4. M. Bapuji :   Tulanaatmaka Sthaanika Prabhutwalu (Comparative Local Governments) in Telugu, Telugu M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   III (From the academic year 2003 – 2004) PAPER – V. a (Optional) POLICE ADMINISTRATION UNIT – I  :  INTRODUCTION 1. Nature and Importance Police Administration 2. Origin and Growth of Police Administration  in India 3. Police Administration in Andhra Pradesh: Salient Features. UNIT   11 :   STRUCTURE OF POLICE ADMINISTRATION 1. Police Administration at Central Level 2. Police Administration at State and District Levels 3. Police Administration at Cutting Edge. UNIT – III :   HUMAN RESOURCE ASPECTS OF POLICE ADMINISTRATION 1. Recruitment and Training 2. Morale and Motivation 3. Police   Code of Conduct and Disciplinary Rules. UNIT – IV :   SOME IMPORTANT ISSUES 1. Public – Police Relations 2. Reforms in Police Administration 3. Police and Trade Union Rights Reference Books: 1. R. K. Bhardwaj      :  Indian Police Administration 2. Girija Shah             :  Modern Police Administration 3. S. Sen                      :  Police in Democratic State 4. J. Singh                   :  Inside Indian Police 5. Favrean, Donald and Gillespic, Joseph E. , Modern Police Administration M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   III (From the academic year 2003 – 2004) PAPER – V. b(Optional) SOCIAL WELFARE  ADMINISTRATION UNIT – 1 :  INTRODUCTION 1. Concepts of Welfare and Social Welfare 2. Meaning, Scope and Importance of Social Welfare Administration UNIT – II :  SOCIAL WELFARE ADMINISTRATION IN INDIA 1. Social Welfare  Policies of Government of India 2. Structure of Social Welfare Administration at the Centre, State and District levels UNIT – III :  WELFARE SCHEMES AND PROGRAMMES CONCERNING 1. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 2. Women and Children UNIT – IV :   AGENCIES OF SOCIAL WELFARE 1. Governmental Agencies 2. Non Governmental Agencies. Reference Books: 1. T. S. Simey :    Principles of Social Administration 2. Paul D. Chowdury :   Social Welfare Administration in India 3. F. W. Reid :    Social Welfare Administration 4. Walter A. Forieldlander :  Introduction to Social Welfare. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER – I  COMPARATIVE  POLITICS UNIT. I :  INTRODUCTION 1. Meaning, Nature and Scope of Comparative Politics 2. Growth of the Study of Comparative Politics 3. Major Approaches to Comparative Politics UNIT. II :   POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND POLITICAL DEPENDENCY 1. Concept of Development Syndrome – Lucian Pye 2. Centre Periphery – Third World Perspective 3. Origin and Relevance of Dependency Theory UNIT. III :  POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND PARTY SYSTEMS 1. Political Ideology: Meaning, Nature and General Characteristics 2. Ideologies of Liberalism, Fascism and Marxism 3. Nature, Functions and Typology of Party Systems UNIT. IV :  CONSTITUTINALISM 1. Meaning and Development of the Term 2. Constitutionalism in the West – England, France and America 3. Problems and Prospects of Constitutionalism in Developing Countries Reading List: 1. Gabriel Almond and Bingham Powell   :  Comparative Politics: A Development Approach 2. Lucian Pye :   Aspects of Political Development 3. J. C. Johari                                              :   Comparative Politics 4. Howard, J. Wiarda                                 :    New Directions in Comparative Politics 5. Mortan R. Davies & Vaugham A. Lewis:    Models of Political System 6. S. N. RayÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚                         :    Modern Comparative Politics 7. Gwendolen Carter & John H. Herz        :    Government and Politics in the Twentieth Century 8. Samuel, H. Beer                                      :    Modern Political Development M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER – II APPROACHES AND THEORY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS UNIT. I :     a)   Introduction :  The Nature of International Relations b)  Normative Approaches,  Structuralism and Neo Realism UNIT. II :    a)   Power, Influence and Authority, Realistic Theory b) Decision – Making Analysis UNIT. III :    a) Systems Approach b) Commun ication Theory UNIT . IV :   a)  Integration Theory, Marxist Perspective b) Peace Research Reference Books: 1. Bull H : International Theory: The Case for Classical Approach, World Politics 2. Knorr, K,, & Rosenau, J. N. :   Contending Approaches to International Politics 3. Clude, I. :   Power and International Relations 4. Herz, J. H. :   International Politics in Atomic Age 5. Kaplan, M. :   System and Process in International Politics 5. Trevor Taylor(ed. )                         :   Approaches and Theory in International Relations 6. Margot Light and A. J. R. Groom :  International Relations – A Handbook of Current Theory M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER III: MODERN POLITICAL THEORY Introductory The Nature of Political Theory Influence of Positivism on Political Theory Empirical Political Theory Perspectives on the Modern State: Liberal and Marxist Central Concepts Related to the Modern State Legitimacy: Legitimation Crisis of the Modern State Rights: Natural Rights, Welfare Rights Liberty: Negative and Positive Liberty? Marxian Notion of Liberty Justice: Different Conceptions New Directions Post Modernism: Michel Foucault on Power Feminist Perspectives on Patriarchy and Power Communitarianism Issues and Ideas in Contemporary Political Theory End of History: Francis Fukuyama Clash of Civilizations: Samuel Huntington Third Way: Anthony Giddens Post Liberalism: John Gray Recommended Books: S. P. Varma, Modern Political Theory Madan G. Gandhi, Modern Political Theory J. C. Johari, Contemporary Political Theory III. David Miller, Social Justice Robert Dahl, Modern Political Analysis N. Barry, An Introduction to Modern Political Theory Michael Freeden, Rights Zygmunt Bauman, Freedom David Held, Political Theory and the Modern State Andrew Vincent, Theories of the State Vidhu Varma, Justice, Equality and Community: An Essay in Marxist Theory Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge Diana Coole, Women in Political Theory Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man Samuel J. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order Anthony Giddens, The Third Way John Gray, Post liberalism: Studies in Political Thought M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER – IV: MODERN INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT UNIT – 1 :  Foundations  of Modern Indian Political Thought 1. Rammohan Roy 2. Dayananda Saraswati 3. Bala Gangadhara Tilak UNIT – II :  Gandhian Thought 1. Non  Violence and Satyagraha 2. Relationship between Means and Ends. 3. Concept of State and Government. UNIT   III :   Socialist and Humanist Thought 1. Ram Manohar Lohia 2. Jawaharlal Nehru 3. M. N. Roy UNIT  IV :  Problem of Minorities and Backward Social Groups 1. M. A. Jinnah 2. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, General Readings: 1. Sankar Ghose , Modern Indian Political Thought 2. O. P. Goyal? Studies in Modern Indian Political Thought 3. G. N. Sarma and Moin Shakir, Politics and Society:  Ram Mohan Roy to Nehru 4. V. P. Varma, Modern Indian Political Thought Recommended Readings: th 1. A. Appadorai, Indian Political Thinking in the 20 Century from Naoroji to Nehru 2. O. P. Goyal, Contemporary Indian Political Thought 3. A. M. Zaidi, Encylopaedia of Indian National Congress (Students should refer relevant sections in  different Volumes) 4. Bipin Chandra, Nationalism and Colonialism in Modern India 5. A. R. Desai, Social Backward of Indian Nationalism 6. Thomas Pantham and Deutsch, Modern Political Thought in India 7. K. P. Karunakaran, Democracy in India M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER – V. a (Optional): DIPLOMACY UNIT  I : 1. The Nature and Origins of Modern Diplomacy. 2. The Development of Diplomatic Theory UNIT  II : 1. The Transition from Old Diplomacy to New Diplomacy 2. Democratic Diplomacy UNIT  III : 1. Recent Changes in Diplomatic Practice 2. Points of Diplomatic Procedure UNIT  IV : 1. Propaganda and Diplomacy 2. Diplomacy in the UN Reference Books: 1. Bailey, Sydney B. :   The General Assembly of the United Nations, Stevens 2. Bowles, Chester. :   Ambassador’s Report, NY, Haper 3. Briggs, Hebert W. :   The Law of Nations, NY, Appleton Century Crofts 4. Carr, E. H. :    The Twenty Years of Crisis, London, Macmillan 5. Huddleston Sisley        :    Popular Diplomacy and War, Peterborough 6. Krishna Murthy, G. V. G:   Dynamics of Diplomacy, National Publishing House, New Delhi 7. Nicolson Harold          :     Diplomacy, London, Oxford University Press 8. Plischke, Elmer           :     Summit Diplomacy, Maryland 9. Satow Sir Ernest         :     A Guide to Diplomatic Practice, Longmans M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER – V b (Optional): POLITICAL ECONOMY UNIT  I: Theories of Political Economy? a) Classical Political Economy   Adam Smith and David   Ricardo. b) Marxian Political Economy. UNIT   II: a) Theories of Underdevelopment  A. G. Frank, Samir Amin. b) Liberalization and its Implications for National Economies. UNIT  III: a) Impact of Colonial Rule on Indian Economy. b) Indian Economy: Important Features. UNIT IV: a) State Directed Economy. b) Structural Adjustment. BOOKS RECOMMENDED: 1. Koxlou, G. A. 2. Afanasye, L. 3. Bardan, Pranab 4. Howard, M. C. 5. Bagchi, A. K. 6. Frankel & Frankel 7. Amartya Sen 8. Robert Lucas and Gustav Planack 9. Ranjit Sau 10. C. T. Kurein 11. D. J. Byres 12. Micheal Clossudosky 13. Partha Chatterje 14. B. A. V. Sharma   Political Economy of Socialism   Political Economy of Capitalism   Political Economy of Development in India   Political Economy of Marx   Political Economy of Under Development.   Political Economy of India, 1947 77.   Commodities and Capabilities.   Indian Economy: Recent Developments and Future Prospect.   Indian Economic Development.   Globalisation and Indian Economy.   The State Development Planning and Liberalisation in India.   The Globalisation of Poverty.   State and Politics in India.   Political Economy of India. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Semester – II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) Paper – II : Western Political Thought – II. 1. Liberalism Adam Smith: Political Economy Jeremy Benthan: Principle of Utility J. S. Mill:Liberty, Representative Government 2. Contemporary  Liberalism F. A. Hayek on Liberty Robert Nozick: Minimal State John Rawis: Theory of Justice 3. Socialism Early Socialists: Saint Simon and Robert Owen Marl Marx: Critique of Capitalism, Revolution Antonio Gramsci: Civil Society and Hegemony 4. Revisions to Socialism Revisions to Marxism: Eduard Bemstein Critical theory: Herbert Marcuse Post Marxism: Emesto Laclau Recent Trends in Socialist Theory. Recommended Books: Sukhabir Singh, History of Political Thought G. H. Sabine, A History of Political Theory Anthony Crespigny and Kenneth Minlgue, Contemporary Political Philosophers Bhiku Parekh, Contemporary Political Thinkers V. Krishna Rao, Paschatya Rajaniti Tatvavicharamu (in Telugu) Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia John Gray, Liberalism Bernard Crick, Socialism David Held, An Introduction to Critical Theory Roger Simon, Gramsd’s Political Thought: An Introduction Emesto Laciau, Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time David Muller, Market, Sate and Community G. A. Cohen,†Is There Still a Case for Socialism†M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Semester – II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) Paper – II : Contemporary Administrative Theory Unit   I. a) Elton Mayo: Human Relations Theory b) Herbert A Simon: Decision Making Theory a) Motivation Theory: Abraham Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs b) Frederck Herzberg: Motivation _ Hygiene Theory a) Douglas McGregor: Theory ‘X’ and Theory ‘Y’ b) Chris Argynis: Integration Between the individual and the organization. Unit – II. Unit III. Unit IV. a) Rensis Likert: Management Systems b) Theories of Leadership – Michigan Studies, Chio State Leadership Studies, Group Dynamics, Managerial Grid and Contingency Model. Unit   V. a) Policy Analysis: Yehzkel Dror. b) New Public Administration: Minnobrook Perspective. Readings: 1. Prasad R and Others (ed) 2. S. P. Naidu : Administrative Thinkers(Telugu / English) : Public Administration: Theories and Concepts. New Age International Publications, Hyd,1996. 3. Hoshiar Singh & Pradeep : Administrative Theory, Kitab Mahal, Sachdeva. New Delhi,1999. 4. Fred Luthans : Organizational Behavior 5. Likert R. , : New Patterns of Management 6. Argyris C. : Personality and Organization 7. Prank Marini : New Public Administration.  · Students are required to consult relevant articles from journals relating to public administration especially the Indian Journal of Public Administration. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Semester – II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) Paper – III : Public Policy Unit   I. a) Public Policy: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Importance. b) The Pioneers:Harold D. Lasswell and Yehezkel Dror. Policy Formulation: Some Models a) Systems Model b) Group Model c) Elite Model Theories of Decision – Making: a) Rational Comprehensive Theory b) Incremental Theory c) Mixed – Scanning Unit   II. Unit –III. Unit IV. Unit – V. Evaluation of Public Policies Public Policies in India: a) Industrial Policy b) Agrarian Policy Recommended Text Books: 1. Anderson, James E. : Public Policy making 2. Dye, Thomas R: Under Standing Public Policy 3. Yehzakel Dror: Ventures in Policy Sciences: Concepts and Applications. 4. Dutt and Sundaram: Indian Economy Recommended Reference Books: 1. Laswell,Harold. D. : Policy Sciences, International Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences. 2. Dye, Thomas R. : Policy Analysis 3. Ira Sharankasy (ed. ) : Policy Analysis in Political Science 4. Charles E. Lindblom : The Policy making process 5. Daniel Lernor and H. D. Lasswell : The Poplicy Sciences: Recent Development in Scope and Method 6. Di Nitto, Diana M, and Dye, Thomas R :Social Welfare: Politics and Public Policy 7. Francis Ankle : India’s Political Economy 1947 77: The Gradual Revolution. 8. Jag Mohan (ed. ) : 25 years of Indian Independence 9. M. Kistaiah : Public Policy and Administration 10. Srimal Mohan Lal : Land Reforms in India Promise and performance. 11. Raja Purohit A. R. (ed. ) : Land Reforms in India 12. Sharma, B. A. V. (ed. ) : Political Economy of India: A Study of Land Reforms. 13. Vijay Joshi an IMD Little : India’s Economic Reforms 1991 2001 14. Dreze Jeep and Amarty Sen (eds. ) : The Political Economy of Hunger. 15. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. Semester – II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) Paper IV. Research Methodology Unit   I. :Social Research and Methods 1. Traditional Methods 2. Scientific Method 3. Importance of Social Research : Theory Formation 1. Theory 2. Facts and Values 3. Concept Formation Unit – II. Unit III. Hypothesis and Research Design 1. formation of Hypothesis 2. Testing of Hypothesis 3. Research Design Unit – IV. Collection and Analysis of Data and Report Writing 1. Sampling, Observation, Interview and Questionnaire 2. Analysis of Data 3. Report Writing Reading List: 1. W. J. Goode & P. K. Hatt: Methods of Social Research 2. Wilkinson & Bhandarkar: Methodology and Techniques of Social Research 3. Pauline Young: Scientific Social Surveys. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Semester – II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) Paper III. Indian Political Process Unit  I . : 1. Indian Polity: Theoretical Framework 2. Socip – Political Legacies : Hindu, British and Gandhian : 1.
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